One of the best parts about an open-source operating system is the open-source community. Countless wonderful software projects have been made by awesome people who wanted to contribute to Unix or who wanted something impressive on their resume, and we all get to benefit from it. Here I'll post every package I've found useful and recommend installing on a Unix system. Since I'm a FreeBSD user, I'll be calling them by their FreeBSD package names, which might be different on other systems. Trident or a lot of Linux distros probably have a lot of these preinstalled.

Basic terminal utilities¶

• nano - text editor. Easy to learn (it shows help on the bottom by default) and yet quite configurable and powerful.

  Nano's often derided as primitive among experienced Unixers (editors more popular with them are Vim and Emacs), but I think this reputation's undeserved. I've written more about the unsung power and efficiency of Nano.

• fish - "friendly interactive shell". My current shell of choice. The main sellings points are syntax highlighting, history-based autosuggestions, and better tab autocompletion without needing to install extra stuff and configure a whole bunch of crap (like you do to get those things with zsh). I've written more about Fish and what's so great about it.

• git - one of the most popular version control systems. I use it for all kinds of stuff, even besides code.

Window manager and main graphical applications¶

• xorg-server - X (the graphical window system) doesn't come with FreeBSD, and this is the package for it.

• dwm - My window manager of choice. dwm is a tiling window manager with no desktop and is a wonderful way to use a computer productively. The only possible criticism of it I could see is the configuration. It needs a custom config file to be good (albeit it only takes a small amount of modifying the default, unlike xmonad), and its config file has to be compiled in, which means you have to build it from source. (And you have to rebuild it every time you change the config.) On the bright side, it builds in like 1 second.

• conky - a configurable tool to easily get system status information. Most useful as a statusbar for dwm.

• roxterm - my currently preferred terminal emulator.

• firefox - Firefox web browser.

• chromium - Chromium web browser (different from but related to Chrome).

• qutebrowser - A web browser in Python and Qt with a design philosophy of keyboard-centrism and efficiency of use for advanced users. You have to give it a fair chance and give yourself time to learn the hotkeys. I like Qutebrowser, despite not being a Vim user; honestly the biggest thing holding me back from using it right now is that the ctrl-shift-U trick for unicode typing doesn't work in it for whatever reason. And I need unicode typing for Spem.

Networking¶

• curl, wget - swiss army knives of HTTP - and a little more! wget is GNU software; curl is MIT licensed. Both are excellent and at least one is a must-have. Personally I prefer curl, but I keep both installed. Most Linux distros probably have wget preinstalled.

• youtube_dl - Download videos from Youtube and a few other sites. Yeah, apparently this isn't illegal...

• nmap - "network mapper". nmap is a tool for network exploration and security auditing, widely known as a port scanner; the package also contains ncat, which is a more sophisticated version of nc that supports TLS!

• tor - The Onion Router, a network anonymity tool. I strongly recommend you read about this if you haven't heard of it.

• vnstat - analyze network traffic statistics over long times.

• py37-scapy - Python library and interactively usable program for sending and analyzing packets. Horrible documentation, but I think it is really powerful if you learn to use it.

• wireshark/tshark - Wireshark is a renowned packet analysis tool. It can't send custom packets like Scapy can as far as I know, but for receiving and analyzing them it's much easier to use without trawling through huge amounts of vague documentation and experimenting for hours. tshark is a terminal version of wireshark. For some horrible reason, you can't have both installed at once on FreeBSD, and I remember thinking Wireshark's interface was horrid.

• siege - load testing tool (but HTTP/1.1 only).

• nghttp2 - gives h2load, an HTTP/2 load testing tool. I remember thinking it wasn't as nice though. (But that's not all this package is; just all I know about it.)

• openvpn - open source VPN server and client. I followed this tutorial to set one up.

Resources and monitoring¶

• lsof - list open files. This might be preinstalled on GNU/Linux, but not on FreeBSD. It's a little different from fstat; I'm not sure if either can do anything the other can't, but I find lsof convenient to have.

• htop - like top, but looks nicer (has color).

• iftop - like top, but for network traffic.

Misc CLI utilities¶

• rsync - the swiss army knife of copying and backups. The --delete flag is one of the biggest things that makes it worth having over cp in my opinion.

• pv - "pipe view". Monitor progress of data through a pipeline. cmd1 | pv | cmd2 and it pipes cmd1 into cmd2, but shows you the progress.

• tmux - "terminal multiplexer". It has a lot of features I don't know about, but among them are the ability to use a terminal window in the fashion of a tiling window manager and to reconnect to sessions that get interrupted (for example, if the network cuts out while you're using ssh). I haven't taken the time to really learn tmux but I want to.

• entr - "Event Notify Test Runner". Monitors files and runs a given command when they change. As of this writing I'm using it on this server.

• sudo - more sophisticated account permission control than su. Due to the way Unix treats the root account, even if your system is single-user, this is probably worth installing if it isn't preinstalled.

• beep - beep. All the laptops I've had have had significant difficulty getting this to work, but on this one I managed it. One of the useful traits of this tool is that, at least on my system, it ignores volume (although not muting).

Hardware and filesystems¶

• dmidecode - massive amount of info on all hardware. I can't think of any commonly useful information I don't know how to get without this command, but dmidecode simplifies things.

• cdrtools - burn CDs (and do other things with them I guess).

• zfsnap - makes automatic ZFS snapshots slightly easier.

• speech-dispatcher - speech synthesis CLI tool.

Media and file formats¶

• mpv - terminal-based music and video player. I recently discovered this and it seems to outmode both mplayer and vlc as far as I'm concerned.

• sox - "SOund eXchange" is what this is apparently supposed to stand for. It's not as nice as mpv for playing music, but it's the most convenient way I know of to record audio from my laptop microphone.

• ffmpeg - swiss army knife of multimedia manipulation. I've been amazed by what this tool can do.

• libreoffice - open source tool that can read "document" formats like .xlsx, if you ever have the displeasure of needing to work with those.

• antiword - convert .doc files to plaintext.

• zip - tool to work with the Windows-standard .zip file format.

• rar, unrar - tools for .rar files. (They're separate packages on FreeBSD.)

• xpdf - dedicated PDF reader and manipulator.

• geeqie - image viewer. It's not like you need geeqie to view images, and I don't even like the program, but I find it useful for viewing all the image files in a directory in a single window.

• tesseract - Optical Character Recognition for Unix! FOSS, and works out of the box.

Art production tools¶

• lmms - Linux MultiMedia Studio, for writing music. Not the greatest, but it's the only free one I know of.

• gimp - of course, the GNU Image Manipulation Program. Again, I have plenty of gripes with it, mostly interface-related, but it's free and quite functional other than that.

• py37-scikit-image - nice image library for Python. This package has saved me from a lot of manual work on multiple occcasions.

X utilities¶

• xinit - ships the xinit and startx commands, which make dealing with X much simpler.

• xbindkeys - set keybinds in the X environment. Incredibly useful. Don't live your life without it.

• xmodmap - manipulate the keymap in X. Basically this should be called xbindkeys and xbindkeys should be called xhotkey.

• xset - X window system settings

• xsetroot - set the title of the "root window" in X. dwm uses this to set statusbar text, making it even easier to plug conky into it! much simpler.

• xsel-conrad - manipulate the X selection buffer (clipboard). (The command is just called xsel).

• scrot - CLI tool for SCReenshOTs.

• xmessage - display a message in an X window. It's primitive and ugly, but sometimes this is the tool you need, for a script to get your attention or something.

• dmenu - an easy launcher solution from the same people that make dwm. The dmenu command by itself takes a list of options from stdin and displays a menu on the top where you can select one via typing, arrow keys and tab completion, and returns the selected option on stdout. The dmenu_run script it comes with is used as a plugin for dwm to make it easier to launch stuff you don't have a hotkey for without opening a terminal to type the command.

• xev - report X events. Enormously useful for debugging.

• xdotool - simulate key strokes, mouse clicks, and other X events.

• xlsclients - list X client applications (applications running in X windows).

• xwininfo - get info about an X window by clicking on it.

• xinput - get information about X input devices.

Programming and miscellany¶

• py37-markdown2 - library and CLI for Markdown processing. I use this for the comments on this site.

• gnupg - GNU Privacy Guard, a renowned encryption tool.

• cloc - Count Lines Of Code. The advantages over wc are that it can count blank lines and comments separately from code lines, can automatically find just the source code files in a hierarchy, and it can separate them by language.

• perl5 - I don't use Perl, but at least the FreeBSD distribution includes the json_pp program: JSON Pretty Print, which has served me well on numerous occasions.